Universitat Internacional de Catalunya - BarcelonaInfectious Diseases
Main language of instruction: Catalan
Head instructor
Dra. Esther CALBO - ecalbo@uic.es
Office hours
RESPONSIBLE
Dra. Esther Calbo Sebastian.
Should you have any question please contact by email to arrange a visit: ecalbo@csc.uic.es
Infectious diseases are still nowadays a relevant cause of disease and death despite the advances achieved by medicine. The presentation form and the therapeutic approach of infectious diseases are submitted to multiple changes: the increased population with immune deficiencies, the development of resistance mechanisms by frequent microorganisms that disable antimicrobials, globalization or the increasing outpatient management of sanitary assistance that forces to settle the bases of a deep knowledge of these diseases pathogenesis.
The pandemic caused by SARS-Cov-2 has been a great example of the challenge of diagnosing, treating and preventing an infectious disease.
This subject aims to provide the student the conceptual framework necessary for recognizing the infectious origin of a disease, identifying especially vulnerable hosts and establishing preventive strategies at individual and community level.
The purpose of this course is for the student to acquire the necessary theoretical knowledge, abilities and attitudes so that, added to the ones acquired previously in Microbiology, will be able to face clinical situations (general infectious syndromes) and establish a diagnostic orientation.
The student must have basic knowledge in structure and function of the human body as well as in clinical Microbiology.
The general aim of the course is to recognize the presentation form of infectious diseases as well as to develop the ability of rationalizing the use of diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
Specific objectives:
MASTERCLASSES
1. Introduction:
A. Introduction to infectious diseases
-Pathogenic and clinical manifestations of infectious diseases.
-Host’s defense mechanisms.
-Epidemiology of infectious diseases.
B. Pathogen microorganisms for the human being
- Structure and classification of the bacteria of clinical interest. Structure, composition and replication of virus.
-Sampling and transport.
-Direct diagnostic methods: microscopic exam, culture, antigen detection and amplification method. Indirect techniques: serologies.
2. Antimicrobials, immunotherapy and vaccines.
- Antimicrobial action and resistance mechanisms. Criteria for the election of antimicrobials.
-Pharmacokinetics’ principles. Adverse effects. Allergies.
-Antibacterial, tuberculostatics, antiviral, antifungal, antiparasitic.
-Rational use of antimicrobial. Post-exposure prophylaxis and surgical prophylaxis.
-Immunization. Vaccines in adults.
3. Infections by Gram positive:
-Staphylococcal infections:
a. S aureus:
-Microbiological main features. Epidemiology.
-Clinical manifestations: skin and soft tissue infections, localized infections with cutaneous rash (SSSS), sepsis and endocarditis, pleuropulmonary infections, osteoarticular infections, pericarditis, meningitis.
-Diagnosis and treatment.
b. S epidermidis and other negative plasma coagulase staphylococci:
-infections associated to foreign bodies. Nosocomial bacteremia.
-Diagnosis and treatment.
-Streptococcal infections.
-Classification. Principal microbiological features.
-Epidemiology, pathogeny and clinic of the infections by S pyognes, S agalacataiae and streptococci of viridans group.
- Infections by Gram positive:
-Infections by cyanobacteria, Rhodococcus, Bacillus, Erysipelothrix.
4. Infections by Gram negative. Sepsis and septic shock:
-Definition of sepsis. Definition of bacteremia. Systemic inflammatory response, sepsis. Physiopathogeny of septic shock. Clinical manifestations and complications.
-General epidemiology of Gram negative bacteremia. Most important origin focus. Etiology of Gram negative bacillary sepsis of community and nosocomial.
-Infections by enterobacteria.
-Infections by Pseudomonas.
5. A. Soft tissue infections
- Cellulitis.
- Gaseous gangrene.
5. B. Endocarditis and vascular infections
-on native valve
-on prosthetic valve
- users of parental transmission’s infections
-infections associated to endovascular catheters use
6. Infectious diarrhea
-Infections by Salmonella no typhi, Shigella and Campylobacter.
-Taxonomy. Epidemiology. Source of infection, transmission mechanisms, incidence. Laboratory diagnosis. Treatment.
-Diarrhea by Clostridium difficile.
-Enteropathogen viruses: rotavirus, adenovirus, calicivirus.
-Protozoans: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba hystolitica.
-Diarrhea and AIDS
-Chronic diarrhea
7. Miscellany:
-Sporulated anaerobes. Classification. Tetanus and botulism.
-Actinomycosis and nocardiosis.
-Leptospirosis.
-Brucella. Pasterurella. Yersinia.
8.A. Infections by acquired immune deficiency syndrome and AIDS.
-Epidemiology and natural history of infection by VIH.
-Opportunistic infections. Associated neoplasia.
-Diagnosis and treatment. Primary and secondary prophylaxis. Prevention of infection by HIV.
8.B Infections in no AIDS immunosuppressed
-Opportunists in patients with immunosuppression by neutropenia, splenectomy, complement alterations, dysgammaglobulinaemia, and organ transplanted patient.
9A. Infections by typical and atypical mycobacteria.
-Pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
9.B Infections by fungi
-Classification and microbiological features of the main fungi causers of opportunistic infections.
-Candidiasis. Cryptococcosis. Aspergillosis. Mucormycosis. Infrequent systemic mycosis.
-Global view of antifungal therapy.
10.A. Infections by protozoon
-Classification of the main infections caused by protozoon.
-Leishmaniasis. Etiology. Biological cycle.Treatment and prophylaxis. Leishmania and AIDS. Toxoplasmosis. Giardiasis Amebiasis.
10.B. Infections by cestodes, trematodes and nematodes:
-Cestodes: taeniasis, cystercercosis, hydatodisis.
-Trematodes: schistosomiasis.
-Intestinal and tissue nematodes: Fascioliasis. Echinococcosis. Filariasis. Onchocercosis. Toxocariasis. Anisakiasis. Strongyloidiasis. Ascaridiasis.
CASE METHODS
1. Acute and chronic fever of unknown origin.
- fever and exanthema
-fever and splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Nodosum erythema.
-mononucleosis syndrome. Infections by herpes group: herpes simplex virus I, II, CMV and Epstein Barr.
-Borreliosis. Epidemiology. Laboratory diagnosis. Lyme disease.
-Rickettsiosis. Boutonneuse fever. Epidemic exanthematous typhus. Brill’s disease. Endemic typhus. Q fever.
2. Meningo encephalitis
-Pyogenic meningitis. Infections caused by Neisseria meningitides. Serogroups. Epidemiology. Carrier state. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Treatment and prevention.
-lymphocytic meningitis. Infections by Enterovirus. Classification.
-infectious encephalitis, myelitis and neuritis. Cerebral abscess, epidural abscesses.
3. Respiratory infection of high respiratory tract.
-sinusitis, otitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis.
-common cold. Respiratory virus. Flu.
-acute and chronic bronchitis.
4. Respiratory infection of low respiratory tract.
-Nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia (pneumococcus, Clampydophila spp, Mycoplasma and Legionella).
- SARS-Cov-2 infection.
- Pulmonary abscess. Anaerobes in the respiratory tract. Pleural empyema.
5. Fever in travelers.
-paludism. Microbiological features, epidemiology and biological cycle of Plasmodium spp.
-chikungunya. Typhoid fever. Dengue.
-viral hemorrhagic fevers: yellow fever, Dengue, Lassa fever, Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Hantavirus. Rabies.
PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING
1.Urinary infections
-asymptomatic bacteriuria, cystitis, pyelonephritis.
-epididymitis, orchitis, prostatitis.
2. Sexual transmission diseases
-urethritis, vulvovaginitis, cervicitis.
-infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Epidemiology. Transmission mechanisms. Clinical manifestations of disseminated disease. Laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
-Infections caused by Treponema: syphilis and trepanomatosis non sexually transmited (Piam, Bejel)
-genital ulcers.
-pelvic inflammatory disease.
3. Peritonitis and other intraabdominal infections.
-Description of non-sporulated anaerobes. Concept. Classification and distribution. Main infections caused by anaerobic microorganisms.
- Liver, splenic, perinephric and retroperitoneal abscess.
-Primary, secondary and tertiary peritonitis.
4. Septic arthritis and osteomyelitis
- community infections
-infections related to osteosynthesis and prosthetic material.
LABORATORY SKILLS
1.Nosocomial infections. Surveillance and control of nosocomial infections.
-Main nosocomial infections.
-Isolations.
-Hand hygiene
-Postexposure and surgical prophylaxis
-Surveillance systems
- Compulsory to state diseases. Epidemiological surveys.
2. Interpretation of antibiogram and of microbiological diagnostic methods.
- resistance in Gram-positive
- resistance in Gram-negative
- programs for a rational use of antimicrobials
-analysis of rapid diagnostic methods
3. Radiology of infections
-anatomy of main infections
-interventional radiology
- role of scintigraphy in the diagnosis process
4. Pathological anatomy of infections